Scientist Pirogov Biography

The father was a native of a peasant family. It is known that in childhood Pirogov loved to play a doctor, imitating a family to a professor at Moscow University and surgeon Efrem Mukhin. The initial education of Pirogov received at home, learned the Latin language. In the year he entered the boarding house of Vasily Kryazhev, but there had to be interrupted there, since due to the theft of money to the subordinates the Pirogov family was in a difficult financial situation.

The accused of theft of Pirogov died suddenly, but managed to organize his son’s admission to the medical department of Moscow University in the year. Nikolai was only 14 years old, but thanks to his father’s troubles, his birth certificate was rewritten so that he was already 16 - an age at which he could receive a higher education. While studying, Pirogov was forced to huddle with his family with relatives, to wear outlets, and misunderstood.

In their later memoirs, “issues of life. The diary of the old doctor ”, he rather skeptically described the teaching methods at Moscow University: among them, Matvey Mudrov and Christian Lader were most stood out among them, and even then showed anatomy on scarves, explained medical problems with the help of God, however, their commitment to science had their influence on Pirogov.

In the year, a professor of physics and rector of the University of Derpt, Party organized a professor institute in Derpt, founded with the aim of forming new professorships at Russian universities. Each candidate had to choose his specialty: Pirogov first wanted to engage in physiology, but Mukhin advised him to pay attention to anything else and Pirogov chose surgery.

Having passed the exam at the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy in June, Pirogov came to Derpt. According to the plans after two years of training in Derpt, students should have been practiced by abroad for two more years. In Derpt, Russian students had to look at the Russian language professor Vasily Perevshchikov, with whom Pirogov did not have a relationship, and the professor even wrote a complaint about him.

The cordial reception of Pirogov found in the house of Johann Christian Moyer, who became one of his mentors. In his memoirs, Pirogov describes him as “a remarkable and high -title person”, calls him “a talented sloth,” notes his musical talents: in particular, Moyer loved to play Beethoven. In the house of Myerov, Pirogov met with the poet Vasily Zhukovsky, who was reading the Pushkin Boris Godunov.

Pirogov also met with the poet Nikolai Lazikov. Meanwhile, the Bulgarian who lived in Karlovo Thaddec is described in the memoirs of the surgeon of the caricature: according to the author’s testimony, he constantly ran into a quarrel with the local Ostseers, threatened the merchants that if they did not point out the goods, he would write about them in the Northern Bee.

Pirogov did not come down with his fellow student Fedor Inozemtsev. Among his closest Derpt friends, Vladimir Dahl should be called, who was also engaged in surgery at that time, but leaving Derpt at the beginning of the Russo-Turkish war of the year, later famous as the author of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”. In Dorpt, Pirogov made friends with Karl Eduard Liphart, whom he recalled in memoirs as a man of unusually versatile talents: he was engaged in mathematics, anatomy, and theology, and art.

Especially it should be distinguished by Doctor of Wacher, who was the first to recognize in Pirogov the abilities of the surgeon. It was in Dorpt that the surgical talents of Pirogov were fully revealed. Convinced of the leading role of practical experience, he spent hours in an experimental laboratory, conducting animal experiments. In the year, Pirogov received a gold medal for research on arteries.

After a training trip to Germany in the CHG. The lectures of Pirogov, at which he had immediately introduced students and with anatomical drugs, became popular. As a teacher, Pirogov proved himself very demanding, requiring a trace of a surgeon to be able to explain his every action. On Saturdays, students gathered at Pirogov, discussions of scientific problems took place. In the year, Pirogov released the first volume of the Annals of the Surgical Department of the Clinic of the Imperial University in Derpt.

The second volume came out in the year. This work is a systematic description of the stories of diseases supplemented by general considerations, thoughts and conclusions. The epigraph to the work is taken from Rousseau. By imitating Rousseau, the author is not afraid to talk about his mistakes and errors. Pirogov style is distinguished by clarity and clarity, but at the same time poetry: scientific definitions and descriptions of operations are combined with unusual metaphors and comparisons: so, the blood flows buzzing, and the knife must be kept like a violin bow.

Pirogov performed surgical operations not only in Derpt, but also in Riga and Revel. His operating trips were jokingly called “Genghishanic Invasions”: Pirogov always had many patients.In his memoirs, Pirogov also recalled the Winklers' family - the father and son were doctors who were distinguished not only by some of the oddities of character, but also by great honesty.

Summing up his derptic years, Pirogov wrote: “For 5 years, my professors in Derpt I published: 1 surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia, 2 two volumes of clinical“ Annals ”, a 3 monograph on the cutting of the Achilles tendon. And over this - a number of experiments on living animals, which I had produced and under my leadership, delivered material for several dissertations published during my professors, namely: 1 about twisting the arteries.

Meanwhile, the researchers calculated that during the professors of Pirogov, not five, but thirteen dissertations were protected. However, to expand the activities of Pirogov, twenty -two beds of the Tartu University Clinic were not so many. In the year, Pirogov took the position of professor of the Medical and Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. In this post, he had to deal with many difficulties of a bureaucratic nature, relations with his superiors were also not easy.

The extraordinary concentration of Pirogov in his profession amazed not only his enemies, but also friends. When in the year Pirogov asked for consent to marriage with the daughter of Moyer Elizabeth was refused, Zhukovsky joked in a letter that "Pirogov would do experiments on her." At the Medical and Surgical Academy, one of the doctors spread rumors about Pirogov’s insanity. Its innovations: improvement of the production of surgical instruments, the struggle for hygiene and order all that it seems to be elementary perceived as eccentricities.

Pirogov invited two nicknames to Petersburg to Petersburg. Pirogov mentioned him even in his doctoral dissertation: “I can express my gratitude to the medical student Georgy Schults from Estonia, who always helped me in conducting experiments with business and advice; I do not find sufficient words to praise him for ingenuity in these matters. ” Two years later, his work “Report on the Traveling in the Caucasus” came out.

In the year, performances in the press appeared against Pirogov: one of the professors with the help of Bulgarin began to blame him for plagiarism. Pirogov demanded a court and resigned, but she was not accepted. Pirogov’s further activity is closely intertwined with the history of the Crimean war, where he had to operate a record number of wounded, fight for the best hospital conditions, take under his leadership the activities of the first nurses in Russia.

Although the results of his activities were impressive, nevertheless, Pirogov resigned from the Medical and Surgical Academy of the new sphere of activity of Pirogov: in September, he became the trustee of the Odessa educational district, controlled the order of schools, advocated the abolition of bodily punishments, but he only managed to achieve restrictions in this area.

The forced compromise position of Pirogov was criticized by Nikolai Dobrolyubov. Pirogov also acted as a publicist: he owns the article “Questions of Life”, published in the year, but previously spread in the manuscript, as well as his unpublished text “The Ideal of a Woman”. In addition to Odessa Pirogov, he was the trustee of Kyiv’s educational institutions, but in this area he incurred the dissatisfaction of the authorities and was fired until the end of his life on November 23 of Pirogov will live in his estate Vishnya, where he would continue to engage in experiments, patient reception, thoughts on philosophical and religious issues.

From time to time, the need for his services and at the state level will arise: so in gg. During this trip, Pirogov cured his most famous patient - the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi. In the fall of the year, Pirogov was called to the Franco-Prussian Military Theater. Finally, in the year he was remembered in connection with the Russo-Turkish war. Each trip was embodied in the next scientific work: “Beginning of the General Military Field Surgery”, in German earlier than in Russian-“Report on visiting military sanitary institutions in Germany, Lorraine and Elsa B”, “Military Medical Affairs and Private Assistance at the War Theater and in the En all of the army in the GG.

He died Pirogov from cancer: doctors tried to hide this diagnosis from him, and he believed that they were professionally mistaken. The creativity of “questions of life” was conceived Pirogov as a diary, but turned out to be a work that is extremely heterogeneous in genre. This is really a diary, which describes the home life of old Pirogov, weather, agricultural concerns, but at the same time these are reflections on political, social, religious and philosophical topics.

The doctor and materialist, Pirogov, is wondering about the existence of higher experience, which should complement practical observations, discusses the other world.Researchers find similar motives in the works of philosophers and scientists of the following generations: to some extent, the alternative churchness of Spitivity Pirogov portends the works of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Vladimir Vernadsky, Pavel Florensky, spouses Roerich.

But “questions of life” are also memoirs that are not completed, but, nevertheless, affecting a number of most important episodes in the life of Pirogov. One of them is life in Dorpt. Pirogov recalls his classmates, teachers, friends and enemies. In his youth, he was probably a very beautiful blond. His speech was always clear, distinct, expressive. Lectures were distinguished by simplicity, clarity and plastic visibility of the image.

” Professor Anatomy Tsichorius was “the original, inveterate German, witty and gifted, with an extraordinary memory, he almost knew Viland, but a bitter drunkard.” Karl Liphardt, a man, “having so many diverse scientific and, moreover, deep information” was distinguished by the complete lack of pedantry and extreme modesty. The author finds that during his stay in Dorpt, the University enjoyed great glory in Russia and he was in charge of “excellent people”, describes student life, but finds that, with rare exceptions, Russian students did not benefit in Dorpta: “Karamzins and Sologub hardly carried out something from the derptic scientific life, except for acquaintance with various student customs; Others, such as languages, pupils from Empress Maria's institutions and visitors from Moscow and St.

Petersburg, Poluruss and Polonnetsy simply drunk from a circle and left in a very poor form after a few years. ” But Pirogov’s attitude to the student forms in two ways: on the one hand, he condemns their slight pastime and distant from him “only two times I went out of curiosity to the commercial”, on the other hand, he believes that even such evil as a duel contributed to “deanery” and “courtesy” in relations between students: “There can be no question of firing, platform and curses between them.” He describes the memoirist and academic orders: so during the exam, the doctoral program had to treat the dean, buy tea, sugar, wine, cake and chocolate for him, and Pirogov came to the dean without treating at all.

Several pages are dedicated to city mores, scandalous masquerades, funny stories. Pirogov is somewhat critical and even ironic, but does not spare himself himself, so in his old age he reproaches himself for excessive experimental ardor, which cost many animals. There are memoirs and inaccuracies, the subjectivity of the author is obvious. Of great interest are Pirogov’s thoughts on Russian-German relations.

The author admits that his initial opinion about the Germans was not high: “During the years of my stay in Derpt, the Germans and all German made some depressing impression on me. The Germans seemed to me inflated and stretched pedants, down, unkind and with contempt related to everything Russian, and therefore to us. They, boring and mediocre teachers, seemed to me, could not excite in us the slightest sympathy for their science.

On the contrary, the French seemed chosen, gifted, pretty. In my diary, which I then kept, sometimes passionate, lyrical exclamations against the classmate of my Inozemtsev, then against German professors, were constantly encountered. This prejudice, we Russians took with us from home and from our universities. Either the Frenchman’s business is clear, clean, smooth, clearly.

” This antipathy was to a certain extent according to Pirogov mutual: “The Ostsee Germans generally maintained antipathy with their relations to the Russians - they did not want to know anything Russian; Patronizing and distinguished by the government, they only then treated it sympathetically when it gave them a clear preference and observed their German interests.

” However, the general conclusions that the author draws in his work are above national prejudices, rather, on the contrary, call for tolerance and community: “The more I remained in Derpt, the more I got acquainted with the Germans and the spirit of German science, the more I learned to respect and value them. I remained Russian in my soul, preserving both the good and the thin properties of my nationality, but with the Germans and with the cultural spirit of the German nation I remained forever connected by the bonds of respect and gratitude, without any addiction to what is really unbearable for Russian, and maybe for the Slav.

The hostile, often arrogant, sometimes contemptuous, and sometimes envious look of the German and Russians and addiction to all my German did not become more pleasant to me, but I learned to look at this look indifferent and, not at all justifying it as a whole, learned to take note, without angry and without any irritation, the fair side of this view. ”In another place, Pirogov directly wonders how, based on his subjective experience, to judge others and finds that “after all, we cannot, in fact, blame the nation, and the nation, obviously, is gifted and highly cultural, that it prefers and tries to prefer to the stranger.

When your own is really and significantly good, the question is: how much better is his alien is difficult to solve.