Biography Yaspers

Petryuk, A. Petyuk, V. should strive to see in every thing that no one has seen and no one has thought about. Lichtenberg Karl Theodore Jaspers - Karl Theodor Jaspers Karl Theodor Jaspers - - an outstanding German scientist, psychiatrist, psychologist, psychopathologist, philosopher, culturalist, political thinker, specialist in the field of clinical psychology, philosophy of psychology and theoretical psychology, who made a great contribution to the study of psychopathology, pathography, psychology, psychology, psychology, psychology, psychology, psychology, psychology, psychology, psychology, psychology, psychology, psychology, psychology, psychology, psychology, psychology The philosophy of existentialism, being one of the creators of this direction of philosophy, the crisis of the traditional liberal-individualistic humanism and, at the same time, attempts to comprehend this crisis and awareness of the impossibility of leaving it.

Giving an assessment of the scientist to the scientist to world science, Yu. Savenko rightly emphasizes that Karl Yaspers is not only a psychiatry converter that has given it paradigmatically the most modern look; This is not only the creator of a new type of philosophizing, which widely extended the philosophical horizon to address the most secret experiences and relations between people in the “borderline situations” of death, suffering, failure; This is a person who, contrary to illness and physical weakness, showed an example of the resistance of the spirit, who worthy lived even in conditions of danger that constantly increased during 12 years of Nazism; This is a person who has never evaded a clear answer to the most burning questions of our time, decisively not accepting the slave spirit of a totalitarian society [1-8].

Therefore, P. Gaidenko appropriately notes that entering the last decade of the 20th century and summarizing the results of a centenary philosophical development, we can name the German philosopher Karl Yaspers among the most outstanding thinkers [2]. His father, who came from a family of hereditary merchants and peasants, was a lawyer, and later - the head of the bank, who led it smartly, thoroughly and with fidelity of duty, deputy of the Landtag and for many years of the burgomaster of Oldenburg.

He raised his son in the spirit of reason and fidelity on his example and advice at a decisive moment. His mother - came from the peasant family living from time immemorial in Butadingen, who illuminated, as K. Yaspers himself wrote, his childhood and childhood of his brothers and sisters, as well as their future life with his endless love, she inspired all their temperament, mind and wisdom [2, 5-8].

A very great influence on the education of the young K. Yaspers had his father, to whom he subsequently dedicated his famous book “General Psychopathology” K.'s life and work of K. The Yaspers from an early youth, in many respects, was largely determined by the incurable bronchiectatic disease, often complicated by heart failure, the disease - as he subtracted by Rudolf Virkhov - dooming to death from intoxication no later than in the third ten life.

I had difficulty with people. From school years, contrary to several acquaintances, I suffered from loneliness. ” Then he was inspired by the reading of the works of B. Spinoza [1, 2, 5-8]. Nevertheless, during all periods of life, including during the years of student, K. Yaspers had few, but close friends. So, at the medical faculty, he was friends with the gifted student Ernst Mayer, the brother of his future wife Gertrude Mayer.

It is characteristic that both the brother and sister were vividly interested in philosophy, and Gertrud Mayer studied philosophy professionally. Yaspers met her in the year, and three years later the young people got married. Since then, loneliness has not tormented K. Yaspers: in his wife he found not only a loving soul, but also a person close in spirit. To a large extent, interest in philosophy developed among the young natural scientist - after all, medicine belonged to the natural sciences - not without the influence of his wife, and “philosophizing at the level of existence”, about which K.

later wrote so much so much Jaspers was one of the greatest spiritual joys in his family life [2]. Yaspers graduated from the classical gymnasium and entered the University of Heidelberg at the Faculty of Law. However, having studied three semesters, he switched to the medical faculty, which he graduated from the year, and then received a doctor of medicine for the dissertation “Nostalgia and Crime”, except for this, at the same time, K.

Yaspers also received a medical universities at Berlin and Gettingen-having graduated from the medical faculty and received the profession of a psychiatrist, K. Yaspers worked from the years a scientific assistant in a psychiatric and neurological clinic in Heidelberg. Here he wrote his first great work “General Psychopathology”, which he defended as a dissertation, and received the degree of a doctor of psychology.

Since the year, he has become a professor of psychology at the University of Heidelberg. In the year, K. Yaspers published the fruit of his many years of work - the “psychology of worldviews”, which made its author widely known. At this time, K. Yaspers refuses psychology, as a generalizing scientific construction, and speaks of the need to create a philosophy of a new type - the philosophy of existence.

Two years later, Comrade Yaspers becomes an ordinary professor of philosophy at Headelberg University. In the same year, he publishes his speech in memory of Max Weber, in the year - the “ideas of the university”, and in the years - the “spiritual situation of time” and the three -volume “philosophy”, which made it one of the leading philosophers of Germany. But from the year, with the advent of the Nazis to power, the National Socialist authorities have deprived K.

Jaspers of the right to take part in the management of the university, in the year-the rights to teach and dismiss as politically unreliable, and in the year they deprive the right to issue their work in Germany. Yaspers remained in Heidelberg and devoted a lot of time to the study of the Bible and scientific work. But the main thing, as he notes in his “philosophical autobiography”, at that time he was a loss of constitutional rights in his own country.

All these years, he and his wife felt a constant threat to life, unable to protect himself from her. Fortunately, two weeks before the already appointed sent to the camp, the city of Heidelberg was liberated by the Americans. Jaspers wrote on this occasion: “I felt like in a fairy tale - after all, one coup was such a coup on one night when I read the first orders on the town hall and found in them a venerable European tone ...” [2, 5, 6, 9].

Intensive work helped to survive in the conditions of Nazism to K. Jaspers. He publishes “Reason and existence”, “Nietzsche”, “Descartes and philosophy”, “Existential philosophy”, and then works on a grandiose “philosophical logic”. In the year, F. Springer invited him to process a “general psychopathology”, but work on the fourth edition, completed in the year, was able to be published only in the year.

During the years of Nazism, most of the Germans were intoxicated by the strength and power of the Third Reich, the dominant position among other peoples. The small minority, to which K. Yaspers belonged, felt in isolation, experiencing the "everyday horror of existence." With the greater acuteness, K. Jaspers was experienced by the concept of German.

Who is the German? When my wife is a German Jewish, who was betrayed by Germany, the very Germany, which she probably loved more than myself, reproached me for this, I answered her in the year: “Think, because Germany is me! Not a power as such, but a power in the service of a moral and political idea-that was the ideal of Max Weber and K. To be primarily a person and only then belong to the birth of some people-it seemed to him the most basic.

The highest instance could be the solidarity of all states. The principle of non -interference in the internal affairs of the state is a cover in order to connivance with injustice. These thoughts were caused by the Concordat of the Vatican with Hitler and the Olympiad in Berlin, which created a precedent of international recognition of Nazi Germany.

Jaspers was restored in his position and immersed in the affairs of the university, but refuses the post of Minister of Culture. He performs a lot on the most burning topics as a political philosopher, comprehending the cruel experience of Nazism, who changed everything. The lectures on this were the “question about the fault” a heavy conflict arises when the fate of M.

Heidegger depends on him, with whom he was associated with friendly relations, which had cut off the cooperation of the latter with the Nazis. Not hiding anything from the political cleaning commission, K. Yaspers did everything in the year so that M. Heidegger would be allowed to be printed, and in the year to return to teaching at the university. Their correspondence lasted up to a year.

The philosophical journalism of K. Jaspers of these years with its main topic - how to save humanity from totalitarianism as the main danger, made it one of the spiritual leaders of Germany, and along with the work of Henry Bell, returned confidence in the German people. Meanwhile, in the eastern zone of occupation, his work “Ideas of the University”, reprinted in the year, was banned, and this damaged the colleague, which K.

Yaspers praised [5, 6]. Since the year, K. Yaspers is a professor of philosophy of Basel University Switzerland. In the postwar years, K. Yaspers, as one of the spiritual leaders of Germany, turned to compatriots not only in his books and articles, but also in speeches on the radio. His main idea is how to save humanity from totalitarianism, plunging people into bloody revolutions and fighter wars [10].

One way - an appeal to humanistic traditions - to G. Lessing, I. Goethe, I. Kant; The other is a more serious, more reliable way for everyone who has lost their immediate life in its traditional form and woke up to autonomy, to spiritual independence - the acquisition of a philosophical faith. Kierkegaard and F. Nietzsche, but at the same time preserving their enduring truth. K. Yaspers medical works, as partially noted above, are predominantly devoted to the problems of general psychopathology: the difference between the psychopathological process by the mental illness and the pathological development of the personality, the study of intelligence and dementia, the analysis of perception of perception, the phenomenological direction of the study in psychiatry and other issues.

After a year of K.Jaspers moved away from active research in the field of psychiatry, devoting a number of works to the problems of pathography subjected to psychopathological analysis the evolution of a number of outstanding personalities - in the year of A. Strindberg and V. Van Gogh in comparison with E. Vedenborg and F.