Biography Lyceum years

In vain, the educators, for the most part, the bad ones tried to curb this volcanic nature; Seeking one external obedience and using vulgar and routine measures for this purpose, they not only did not achieve any results, but met a desperate resistance in the boy, which briefly destroyed all their efforts. The exhortations and demands of parents, accompanied by outbreaks of anger and in vain threats on their part, led to the same reconciliation.

And so, as it always happens under such circumstances, the parents made an opinion about the son as a perverted nature, as a geek that the sad future awaits. The only hope they began to nourish him from removing him from his parental house to any closed institution where his strangers could curb his strangers with harsh measures of severity. They fluctuated for a long time between two to the establishments at that time: the Jesuit Collegium and the private boarding house, arranged by the Abbot Nicole and at that time under the jurisdiction of the Abbot Makar.

Finally, they decided in favor of the Jesuit collegium and already went to St. Petersburg to bother about the arrival of his son there, when suddenly the institution of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum completely changed their plans. V. Malinovsky, with whom Sergey Lvovich was on friendly relations, was appointed director of the lyceum. With the help of him, and especially with the assistance of A.

Turgenev, the twelve -year -old Pushkin was adopted among 30 pupils, of which he was supposed to be a lyceum. Pushkin is a lyceum student, according to the unanimous testimony of all those who knew the inner life of the Pushkin family, the young man left his parental house without the slightest regret; For its part, the family escorted him coldly, as if dumping a heavy burden from his shoulders.

The only exception was Pushkin’s sister, to whom he was attached, and only with her he said goodbye to her with sadness. The best and most advanced luminaries of the sciences and teachers of that time were elected by the teachers of the lyceum, such as A. Kunitsyn, L. Kartsev, I. Kaidonov, then A. Galich and others. But rapid cooling to business and licentiousness, these two unchanged qualities accompanying all Russian enterprises were not slow to affect here.

After death in the year of the first director of the Lyceum, V. Malinovsky, Lyceum, for almost two years, he was under the control of professors who went into the directorship alternately, interfered with each other, constantly quarreled among themselves, and it was necessary to put them in the title of class inspector at first, and then the director, the military man of the Arakcheevsky school, a retired layman of S.

Frolov, who took up the matter, is cool, purely in Feldfebelsky, but soon dismissed and left behind a mass of Shutovsky memories. All this period, before the appointment of E. Engelhardt, Pushkin calls the time of anarchy, and his other comrades - interrevations. The teachers, in turn, lowered their sleeves in the second year: Kunitsyn began to limit himself to the requirement of the literal training of his notebooks, and he was reproached for inclinations to the lazy, apathetic existence.

In the first year, Koshansky, who read ancient languages ​​and Russian literature, carried away the audience with his conversations about the great samples of antiquity and carefully corrected the exercises of the students in the syllable, but in the second year he washed down and completely abandoned teaching. The mathematician Kartsev, being by nature by a humorist and seeing a general disorder of the pupils mathematics, was engaged in listening to lyceum jokes and a witty chatting in the lessons.

The good -natured and weak Galich, who replaced Koshansky, was so sad to his pupils to such an extent that he allowed the construction of secret student dots in the audience allocated to him at the Lyceum. With such orders, the pupils were completely left to themselves. Training sessions did not particularly burden them; The knowledge required under the program was easily achieved, and in the case of a lack, they deftly disguised as fake questions and answers selected with the general consent of teachers and students.

The pupils, thus, had a lot of idle time in which they walked freely throughout the Lyceum and the Tsarskoye Selo Garden, starting love affairs with the maid and serf actresses of the home theater of Count Bartholomew Vasilyevich Tolstoy. From the Katees between themselves in the walls of the lyceum, the pupils in high school went to the waisters with the guards and generally golden youth, who lived in the summer in Tsarskoye Selo in the dachas.

Occasionally they arranged school riots and protests; So, they expelled from the institution of the inspector M. Piletsky-Urbanovich, who fierce the pupils with their religious obsession, contemptuous reviews of the families of their pets and the Jesuit circulation, which hid a lot of cruelty and insidiousness under the guise of condescension. Something sunk into the head of the pupils from the lectures of Kunitsyn and Koshansky.

A lot of influence was exerted on them, according to M.Korfa, conversations of the teacher of the French literature of de Buzh, brother Marat; He greatly contributed to the strengthening of mental forces in the pupils, constantly trying to accustom them to the distinct representation and the presentation of what they heard, saw and what arose in their head. But Pushkin was most obliged to the Lyceum as a rich library, the use of which was provided to pupils without the slightest restrictions.

Having a lot of free time and left to himself, Pushkin pounced on the books of the Lyceum library with fervor; He read days and nights without rest, and most of all were interested in his books on history and French literature. In vain, Delvig tried to take him to the study of German literature; Pushkin left his comrade in the first attempts to get acquainted with the clip.

The comrades treated Pushkin at first somewhat hostility, seeing his mental superiority over them and noticing that he had read a lot, which they had not heard of, and he remembered everything that he read. They called him a Frenchman for the excellent knowledge of the French language, which very much insulted the young man in the era of the war of the year, with universal hatred of everything French.

A lot at the first time pushed him off his location to mockery and the persecution of hostile personalities, sometimes bringing many to childhood despair. But at the same time, Pushkin’s gullible and loving heart and modesty were discovered, which made him not only boast and not to be important to his comrades with his knowledge and talents, but, on the contrary, show that he does not consider all the scientific to run, jump through chairs, throw the ball and so on.

In such qualities of character, Pushkin soon defeated the hostility of his comrades and became, on the contrary, the soul of the class, and then the connocation of the literary circle. This literary circle was formed almost immediately at the opening of the lyceum; The participants in it were Delvig, Illichevsky, Korsakov, Prince A. Gorchakov, Baron M. Korf, S.

Lomonosov, D. Maslov, N. Rzhevsky, V. Kuchelbeker, M. Literary classes of the circle consisted, firstly, in the publication of manuscript magazines in which members placed their works, and secondly, in a special literary game. Having compiled one common circle, the comrades obliged everyone to tell the story or at least start it. In the latter case, the next storyteller took her at the place where she stopped, and developed further; The third, in turn, continued it, etc.

Delvig excited the imagination at this gymnastics; He could never be taken by surprise: intrigues, ties and interchanges were always ready for him. Pushkin was inferior to him in the ability to come up with a hastily incident and often resorted to cunning. Once he set out the story of 12 sleeping girls with admiring listeners, keeping silent about the source from where he gathered her.

Under the influence of these literary games and classes, the circle Pushkin very soon switched from French poems to the Russians and at first most famous between his comrades of his sharp and well -aimed epigrams. Koshansky was very strictly attributed to the first experiments of his student, tried to avert him from attempts to compose and only later, convinced of his talent, he began to introduce him to the heat with the theory of literature and classic works of antiquity; But this did not last long and ended with the unfortunate disease of the mentor, which we talked about above.

Of the Russian writers, these were Karamzin, Zhukovsky and especially Batyushkov. Pushkin highly appreciated the similarity that some of his own poems with the manner of Batyushkov can represent. As for the content of lyceum poems, in this regard, Pushkin obeyed the influence of the school of French anacreontic writers, on which he was brought up in his parental house, what are the sewing, chapel, Bernie, Grekeur, and guys.

This influence determines that cheerful and somewhat frivolous outlook on life, and the abundance of erotic and bacchic elements that we meet in Pushkin’s lyceum poems. But no matter how much they have to look at all such trinkets, people who require serious content from poetry, it is impossible to deny some share of the beneficial influence that the aforementioned writers had on the nature of Pushkin’s poetry: they immediately placed it on the real soil of the images of earthly, certain, all sensed and each familiar joys and sorrows.

This one was a big step forward from the mystical romanticism prevailing at that time in our literature with his mournful languor - it is not known about what, and impulses - it is not known where. But the most memorable year for Pushkin was th. Literary fame and his glory begins with him. This year, under Pushkin’s poems, his full name is already. They started talking about him. He was in a uniform and in plate boots.

Our exam tired him very much: he sat with his head with his hand; His face was pointless, his eyes were cloudy, his lips dangled. His portrait - where he is represented in a cap and a dressing gown - is very similar.He dozed until the exam from Russian literature began. Then he perked up: his eyes shook, he was transformed all. Of course, his poems were read, his poems were versed in, in permissfully praised his poems.

He listened with unusual liveliness. Finally called me. Everyone wondered. At a large dinner by the Minister of Education, Count Razumovsky, a general dialect was about Pushkin. Everyone predicted his future glory. Such flattering reviews, of course, have reconciled parents with their prodigal son. At the same time, Pushkin then became close to the first -class writers of that time: Zhukovsky, Karamzin and Batyushkov.

It was a time of the most loud glory of Zhukovsky. Friends wore Zhukovsky in their arms. The Dowager Empress, Marya Fedorovna, very favored him. And you can imagine that this summer poet, who lived until the full development of his talent and the climax of his glory, was immediately passionate about the genius of Pushkin, that he, a summer boy sitting on a school bench, deliberately read his poems, and if Pushkin did not remember and did not repeat them on his next dates, then Zhukovsky considered such poems to be weak and destroyed them or destroyed them or destroyed them or destroyed them or destroyed them or destroyed them or destroyed them.

Redeled. At the same time, with tender fatherly participation, Zhukovsky rejoiced at the brilliant success of Pushkin, condescended to his hobbies, forgave his arrogance, his coast, took care of him. Pushkin himself subsequently called him his guardian angel. Pushkin was present when reading, remembered everything and, having come home, wrote down from word to word, so the dedication became known in the lyceum circle much earlier than printed.

Even then, Karamzin met Pushkin closer and managed to attract him to his affection, approval and participation. But the greatest rapprochement followed in the summer in the year, when Karamzin settled in Tsarskoye Selo. Pushkin warmly fell in love with Karamzin and his whole family and became a pet. Like Zhukovsky, Karamzin admired the young poet, warned, held it, his shore and after saving him in one of the decisive minutes of his life.

The acquaintance and rapprochement of Pushkin with other advanced forces of Russian literature of that time, who are I. Dmitriev and Batyushkov, belongs to the same period. Finally, A. Turgenev, who remained with him in the most affectionate relationships, and often corresponded with him until the end of his life, also became close to Pushkin. Early and rapid literary success prompted Pushkin with great zeal and passion for the development of his poetic talent.

But the modesty of the young poet was so great that even then very few of his poems, he decided to send to the seal, and was angry and lost his temper when some poems were printed by friends besides his knowledge.